In a café in Dhaka’s Khilgaon, the air is thick with the aroma of coffee, the glow of dim lights, and the hum of evening chatter. A perfect yet brief respite, perhaps, after a long day of work in the capital. Shakil, a civil engineering student, is among the patrons, working on an academic assignment. His two friends sit nearby, caught up in a heated debate about the previous day’s cricket match.

But everything could change at any moment.

Beside the café’s kitchen hangs a tangled web of electrical wires, and no one really noticed the absence of fire extinguishers. The café, located on the fifth floor and accessible only by a single lift, has no other exit.

On February 29th 2024, the same capital city came to a standstill, engulfed in horror after a fire on Bailey Road. A café in a commercial building—housing multiple other eateries—caught fire, claiming 46 lives. While most deadly fire incidents in Bangladesh have occurred in factories and warehouses, this was the first time such a large number of people died in a restaurant fire, adding a new scar to the country’s ongoing struggle with fire hazards.

One fire after another, each claiming more lives, exposes an undeniable truth: these are not isolated incidents in Bangladesh but rather a terrifying reality deeply woven into everyday life. Offices, restaurants, factories and shopping malls stand like ticking time bombs. After each tragedy, there is a burst of awareness, a flurry of inspections and drives. Yet within days, complacency returns, and the cycle of negligence resumes, as if this fatal indifference were the nation’s normal state of being. In the last 10 years (2015–2024) alone, a total of 1,192 people have died in fire accidents. At the same time, 13 major fires in the last two decades claimed 560 lives. Despite these deadly numbers, the authorities have done little to nothing to effectively address fire risk.

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Photo: Al Amin Tusher

A nation at fire risk

Data from year-round operations by the Fire Service and Civil Defence reveal a stark reality: at least 3,745 establishments across the country face a direct risk of fire. Of the nearly 4,000 inspected institutions, more than 99 percent were found to be either “risky” or “highly risky.”

About 569 buildings fall under the category of severe risk, while only five were deemed “satisfactory.”

Among the thousands of fire-prone establishments are cafés, supermarkets, hospitals, factories, and residential buildings — virtually every type of structure imaginable.

At the top of the risk list are restaurants and cafés. Uncontrolled use of gas cylinders, faulty electrical wiring, and grease-filled chimneys in kitchens have turned many of these places into death traps.

In Dhaka alone, there are 369 cafés and restaurants classified as hazardous.

According to official records, all six branches of the popular biryani chain Kacchi Bhai have been deemed risky. The devastating fire on Bailey Road in 2024 broke out in the same building that housed one of its branches on the second floor. Two employees of Kacchi Bhai lost their lives in that inferno, along with an unknown number of others, according to victims.

Among the victims were Italy-expatriate Syed Mobarak Hossain (48), his wife Swapna Akter, their three children Fatema Tuz Johra Kashfia (19), Amena Akter Noor (13), and Syed Abdullah (8). Mobarak, who had lived in Italy for years, had returned to Dhaka to take his family back with him. They had gone to Kacchi Bhai to celebrate the joy of receiving their visas — but returned as charred bodies.

Humayun Kabir Masud lost his friend, Tusher Hawlader, in the fire that broke out on February 29th 2024. Masud thinks the building itself was one of the main reasons so many people died that day. “No government agency or department conducts proper investigations into these incidents,” he said.

Beyond Bailey Road, according to the Fire Service’s own list, the Wari, Bangshal, Mohammadpur, and Uttara branches of Kacchi Bhai are classified as “risky,” while the Mirpur and Khilgaon outlets are labeled “extremely risky.”

“If even now all six branches of Kacchi Bhai remain fire hazards, then what exactly are these authorities doing? I no longer see Tusher’s death as an accident — it feels more like murder. Everyone connected to such negligence should be held accountable,” added Masud.

Netra News contacted Kacchi Bhai authorities through email, phone, and social media for their response but to no avail.

Just as restaurants pose grave risks, so do hotels and resorts. In the coastal tourist city of Cox’s Bazar alone, 355 hotels and resorts have been identified as being in serious danger. Should a fire break out in any of these upscale establishments, tourists would likely face chaos and tragedy — unfamiliar layouts, confusing designs, and the absence of clear emergency exits could turn a moment of leisure into a fight for survival.

Jhenaidah has 110 markets and supermarkets identified as being at high risk of fire, while Narayanganj has 47. In these places, large quantities of flammable materials are stored amid haphazard electrical wiring, meaning even a single spark could trigger a devastating blaze.

On April 4th 2023, a massive fire swept through the Bangabazar clothing market in Dhaka, destroying nearly 3,845 shops. It took firefighters about 75 hours to bring the flames fully under control.

The “New Market” — a traditional landmark in both Dhaka and Chattogram — has counterparts in nearly every district across the country, each facing similar dangers. The list identifies severe fire risks in the New Market complexes of Narayanganj, Faridpur, Cumilla, Feni, Naogaon, Moulvibazar, Gaibandha, and Panchagarh.

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Photo: Jibon Ahmed/Netra News

Even more alarming is the situation in the healthcare sector. Many hospitals and clinics continue to operate under serious fire hazards. In Sirajganj, 22 hospitals are at risk; in Noakhali, 19; and in Munshiganj, 12. The absence of automatic fire alarms, emergency exits, and trained personnel leaves patients in extreme danger.

The list also includes government-run upazila health complexes. Facilities in Sirajganj, Feni, Bhola, Naogaon, and Satkhira have all been flagged as fire-prone by the Fire Service.

A study titled “Fire Risk in Urban Bangladesh: A Case Study-Based Evaluation” by researchers Md. Maksudur Rahman and Asmaul Husna Siddique, published in the Current Urban Studies journal, paints a grim picture of Bangladesh’s fire vulnerability. According to their findings, Dhaka district faces the highest level of fire risk, with Dhaka City Corporation identified as the most hazardous zone. Parts of Keraniganj and Savar were also categorised as extremely high-risk areas.

Their research highlights a deeply worrying rise in fire incidents — a trend echoed by data on the Fire Service’s official website. In 2020, there were 21,073 reported fires across the country. By 2022, that number had surged to 24,102. The study estimates that these incidents cause around 50 million US dollars in economic losses annually and claim between 700 and 1,200 lives each year.

Strikingly, about 85 percent of these deaths are not caused by the flames but by suffocation — victims trapped inside buildings inhale thick smoke and toxic gases released during the fires.

Fires, Again and Again

2010
124
Nimtoli Tragedy
2012
112
Tazreen Fashions
2019
70
Churihatta, Chawkbazar
2024
46
Bailey Road, Dhaka
2025
16
Rupnagar, Dhaka
•••
See More...

Beyond the Flames

One of the key reasons behind Bangladesh’s frequent fire tragedies is the delay in firefighters reaching the scene, even after receiving alerts. The catastrophic fires in Nimtoli and Chawkbazar serve as painful reminders. Narrow, congested roads had made it nearly impossible for fire engines to reach the burning buildings on time. Violations of building codes, unplanned slums, illegal structures and chemical warehouses in residential areas, and the absence of sufficient water reservoirs or fire hydrant networks in cities all add fuel to the flames — quite literally.

Brigadier General Muhammad Zahid Kamal, Director General of the Fire Service and Civil Defence, recently announced plans to construct 400 new fire stations across the country. However, he also acknowledged the limitations of enforcement. “Without raising public awareness, the procession of death will not stop,” he said. “Keeping that in mind, efforts are underway to implement fire safety codes in Bangladesh, similar to those in developed nations.”

But former director of the Accident Research Institute, Dr. Hadiuzzaman, offered a more critical view. “Widening roads or increasing the number of fire stations won’t solve the problem,” he said. “Those steps may simply enrich a few pockets. What we truly need is to stop the misuse of roads and enforce stricter policies. Without skilled personnel, even the best roads won’t ensure effective management. Drivers must be properly trained before being given control of vehicles. Otherwise, no one will ever reach a fire in time. The irregularities in the BRT project must be addressed, and clear transport policies are needed for all categories of vehicles.”

The Fire Risk in Urban Bangladesh study also pointed out inconsistencies in the placement of fire stations. Unlike in Dhaka and Chattogram, most stations in Gazipur are located only along major highways, leaving industrial areas dangerously exposed to fire hazards.

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Photo: Jibon Ahmed/Netra News

Living in the thick of it: Fear and helplessness

Beneath the weight of research papers and official statistics lies a quieter, more haunting truth — the fear and helplessness of ordinary people. And that fear, left unaddressed, is only deepening the risk of losing more lives.

In Old Dhaka’s Chawkbazar, Hafiz Uddin runs a hardware store at the base of an aging building along a narrow alleyway. “If a fire breaks out here, there’s nothing we can do,” he said. “The fire trucks can’t even enter this lane. All we can do is watch and wait. I can’t just give up the business either — my family’s survival depends on it. Everything is in God’s hands.”

In Gazipur, Fatema Khatun works at a six-storey garment factory. Every day she climbs the stairs to her workstation, too preoccupied to think about safety. When asked about fire preparedness, she said, “There are red fire extinguishers placed on the stairs, but we were never told whether they’re still valid or how to use them. I just collect my salary at the end of the month and take care of my family.”

In Rajshahi, office worker Lubna Islam shared a similar story. “In all my years at this office, I’ve never heard the fire alarm go off,” she said. “We’ve never had a fire drill. The emergency exit and the stairs leading to the roof are always locked. No one even knows who has the key. If anything happens, we’ll all be trapped.”

Such accounts have become an inseparable part of urban life in Bangladesh. Fire safety awareness and preparedness exist mostly on paper, while the people remain dangerously unprotected.

Expert Opinions

Abu Naim Saifullah

Abu Naim Saifullah (Former Fire Service Official)

“A major deficiency in our country is the absence of a unified 'Fire Code.' Although the Fire Service inspects risky buildings and issues notices, it does not have the legal authority to shut them down or penalize the owners.”

Lt. Col. Tajul Islam

Lt. Col. Tajul Islam (Director, Fire Service)

“Since we do not have magistrates, we cannot take any direct punitive action. We are limited to issuing notices to risky buildings.”

Adel Mahmud Khan

Adel Mahmud Khan (Urban Planner)

“Due to unplanned urbanization, roads have become narrow, and natural water sources like ponds and canals have been filled up. As a result, in case of a fire, fire service vehicles face severe problems in reaching the scene and securing a water supply.”

Of deadly patterns and practices

A study published in Jahangirnagar Review: Part II – Social Science by students of the Department of Geography and Environment sheds new light on Dhaka’s fire vulnerability. Using a “Satellite Imagery-Based AHP Model to Identify the Spatial Heterogeneity of Fire Incidents in Dhaka City Corporation, Bangladesh,” the research found that residential buildings and slum areas are the most fire-prone zones. They are followed by commercial, service-oriented, and industrial structures — a pattern that closely aligns with data from the Fire Service.

Fire risk, however, is not evenly distributed across the city. Within Dhaka, Mirpur and Gulshan police precincts face the highest danger. Analysis of past incidents shows that roughly 22 percent of all reported fires occurred in Mirpur and 10 percent in Gulshan. Shahbagh accounts for 6 percent, while Paltan, Badda, Chawkbazar, and Kalabagan each make up about 4 percent. Between Dhaka North and South City Corporations, the southern half of the city experiences more fires — largely due to poor urban planning.

Across the entire Dhaka district, there are only 27 fire stations, and just 18 of them fall within the city corporation area. In Chattogram, the country’s commercial capital, only 4 of the 20 fire stations are located within the city itself.

This pattern is not limited to Dhaka alone.

Across Bangladesh, fire vulnerability rises in proportion to population density and unplanned urbanization, making the crisis a nationwide concern. From the Mirpur garment factory and Tazreen Fashions to Churihatta in Chawkbazar, the FR Tower in Banani, and the Hashem Foods factory in Rupganj, Narayanganj, every major fire has been followed by the formation of an investigation committee. Each report cites familiar reasons, pointing to surface-level issues while the deeper, systemic failures remain largely unaddressed.

Urban planners, safety analysts, and Fire Service officials have identified four major underlying crises as the root causes of these recurring disasters.

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Photo: Jibon Ahmed/Netra News

Investigations into the FR Tower fire in Banani revealed a disturbing reality that although building permits were issued by the Capital Development Authority (RAJUK) and the relevant city corporation, the approved designs were later altered. The building was illegally expanded beyond its sanctioned plan. Emergency exits were sealed off to create more rental space, and forged blueprints were submitted to conceal the violations.

These practices of design fraud, unauthorized construction, and blocked escape routes reflect a deeper problem of weak oversight and corruption within regulatory bodies that have allowed negligence to become a deadly norm.

Factories across Bangladesh continue to ignore fire safety in their drive to cut production costs. In 2012, the Tazreen Fashions fire claimed 112 workers’ lives after they were trapped inside because the factory gates had been locked from the outside. The same grim reality repeated in 2021 at Hashem Foods in Rupganj, where 52 people died when the emergency exits were found sealed shut. On October 14th 2025, another fire broke out at a garment factory in Mirpur, where workers once again discovered the exits locked from within. 16 people died as a result.

The pursuit of cheap production, relentless pressure from international buyers, and the owners’ obsession with profit over safety continue to cost workers their lives. In cities like Dhaka, Chattogram, and Gazipur, unplanned urban expansion has multiplied fire risks many times over. Even in the densely populated neighborhoods of Old Dhaka, chemical warehouses continue to operate in residential buildings. After the Nimtoli tragedy in 2010, authorities pledged to relocate these warehouses, but more than a decade later, that promise remains unfulfilled — setting the stage for the 2019 Churihatta disaster, which claimed at least 70 lives.

Over the past two decades, Bangladesh’s worst fire disasters have each served as a warning. Yet the lessons remain unheeded. On September 22nd 2025, another tragedy struck when a chemical warehouse in Tongi, Gazipur, caught fire. Firefighters from the Fire Service and Civil Defence, who rushed to extinguish the blaze, were themselves burned to death.

Only two months earlier, on July 21st, a training aircraft from the Bangladesh Armed Forces crashed near the Milestone School and College campus in Uttara’s Diabari area, setting off a fire that killed 36 people. Parents later alleged that the Haidar Ali building, where the school was located, had been granted approval to operate beside a runway through abuse of authority and that the emergency exits were blocked.

Each of these tragedies tells the same story — of warnings ignored, regulations violated, and lives lost to a preventable pattern of negligence.●